Links and Selected Readings

GCC-specific Literature

• An Introduction to GCC by Brian J. Gough.
• GNU C Compiler Internals (Wikibook), numerous contributors.
• Compilation of Functional Programming Languages using GCC -- Tail Calls by Andreas Bauer <[email protected]>.
• Porting GCC for Dunces by Hans-Peter Nilsson <[email protected]>.
• Lexical Closures for C++ by Thomas M. Breuel, on the design and implementation of nested functions in GCC.
• Using, Maintaining and Enhancing COBOL for the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) by Joachim Nadler and Tim Josling <[email protected]>.
• A Toy Example Language by Jonathan Bartlett <[email protected]>.
• GNU INSEL Compiler gic.
• The V3 multi-vendor standard C++ ABI is used in GCC releases 3.0 and above.
• Compiling and testing complete gcc/glibc cross-toolchains for Linux targets by Dan Kegel.

Chip Documentation

The list below is based on the subdirectory names of the gcc/config directory, which typically matches with the CPU name in the configuration name. In some cases, different (but similar) CPUs are put into one directory; the names in parentheses list such similar CPU names.

• alpha
  Manufacturer: Compaq (DEC)
  The Alpha OEM Documentation Library offers the Alpha Architecture Handbook, chip hardware manuals, and info on associated core logic chipsets.
  Calling Standard for AXP Systems documents the calling conventions for Digital Unix; chapters 2-4 apply to other Alpha Unix systems as well.
• arc
  Manufacturer: ARC Cores (Argonaut)
• arm (armv2, thumb)
  Manufacturer: Various, by license from ARM
  CPUs include: ARM7 and ARM7T series (eg. ARM7TDMI), ARM9 and StrongARM
  ARM Documentation
• AVR
  Manufacturer: Atmel
  AVR Documentation
• Blackfin
  Manufacturer: Analog Devices
  uClinux and GNU toolchains for the Blackfin
  Blackfin Documentation
• c4x
  Manufacturer: Texas Instruments
  Exact chip name: TMS320C4X
  DSP Manuals
• CRIS
  Manufacturer: Axis Communications
  Acronym stands for: Code Reduced Instruction Set
  The CRIS architecture is used in the ETRAX system-on-a-chip series.
  Site with CPU documentation
• fr30
  Manufacturer: Fujitsu
  Acronym stands for: Fujitsu RISC
  GDB includes a CGEN generated simulator.
• h8300
  Manufacturer: Renesas
  Exact chip name: H8/300
  GDB includes a simulator.
  H8/300 Application Binary Interface for GCC.
  GNUH8 Mailing List.
• i386 (i486, i586, i686, i786)
  Manufacturer: Intel
  Intel®64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manuals
  Some information about optimizing for x86 processors, links to x86 manuals and documentation:
  • http://www.goof.com/pcg/docs.html
  • http://www.agner.org
  
  www.sandpile.org: Christian Ludloff's technical x86 processor information.
  AMD's x86-64 architecture
• i860
  Manufacturer: Intel
• m32c
  Manufacturer: Renesas
  Renesas M32C Site
  GDB includes a simulator.
• m32r
  Manufacturer: Renesas
  Renesas M32R Site
  GDB includes a CGEN generated simulator.
• m68hc11 (m68hc12)
  Manufacturer: Motorola
  http://m68hc11.serveftp.org/blog/ GNU Development Chain for 68HC11 and 68HC12.
  GDB includes a 68HC11 and a 68HC12 simulator.
• m68k
  Manufacturer: Motorola
• mcore
  Manufacturer: Motorola
  GDB includes a simulator.
• mips (mipsel, mips64, mips64el)
  The *el variants are little-endian configurations.
  Various MIPS stuff: http://www.mips.com/products/resource_library/product_materials/
• MMIX
  Manufacturer: none. There is a simulator, see links below.
  Acronym stands for: Roman numeral for 2009, pronounced [EM-micks]. The number stands for the average of numbers of "14 actual computers very similar to MMIX". The name may also be due to a predecessor appropriately named MIX.
  MMIX is used in program examples in Donald E. Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming (ISBN 0-201-89683-4).
  Knuth's MMIX page has more information about MMIX. Knuth also wrote a book specifically about MMIX (MMIXware, ISBN 3-540-66938-8).
• mn10300
  Manufacturer: Matsushita
  Alternate chip name: AM30
  GDB includes a simulator.
• ns32k
  Manufacturer: National Semiconductor
  NS32FX200 Home Page
• pa
  Manufacturer: HP
  PA-RISC is preferred over the older HPPA acronym (Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture).
  http://parisc-linux.org/documentation/index.html is another good source of PA-RISC documention.
• pdp11
  Manufacturer: DEC
  PDP-11 FAQ
  Simulators
• rs6000 (powerpc, powerpcle)
  Manufacturer: IBM, Motorola
  AIX V4.3 Assembler Language Ref.
  AIX 5L Assembler Language Ref.
  A developer's guide to the POWER architecture.
  The PowerPC architecture book from IBM.
• sh
  Manufacturer: Renesas, or various licensed by SuperH Inc
  CPUs include: SH1, SH2, SH2-DSP, SH3, SH3-DSP, SH4, SH5 series.
  Renesas SuperH Processors
  SuperH Home Page
  GDB includes a simulator.
• sparc (sparclite, sparc64)
  Manufacturer: Sun
  Acronym stands for: Scalable Processor ARChitecture
  UltraSPARC Processors Documentation
• v850
  Manufacturer: NEC
• vax
  Manufacturer: DEC
• xtensa
  Manufacturer: Tensilica
• z/Architecture (S/390)
  Manufacturer: IBM
  ESA/390 Principles of Operation
  z/Architecture Principles of Operation

Collected Papers/Sites on Standards, Compilers, Optimization, Etc.

C information

• C standards information:
  • WG14 (C standards committee)
  • Draft C99 Rationale
  • C99 Defect Reports
  • C89 Rationale (sources)
  • C89 Rationale (HTML)
  • C89 Technical Corrigendum 1
  • C89 Technical Corrigendum 2
  • C89 Defect Reports
• Sequence point rules in C:
  • A formal model of sequence points and related issues by Clive Feather
  • C formalised in HOL, thesis by Michael Norrish
  • Sequence points analysis by Raymond Mak
  • Another formalism for sequence points by D. Hugh Redelmeier
• C historical information:
  • The Development of the C Language, by Dennis M. Ritchie (also in PostScript and PDF).
  • An early C Reference Manual.

C++ information

• ISO Committee homepage (defects list, etc)
• Comeau reflector

• The SGI STL page
• STLport homepage

• Template Numeric Toolkit
• The Boost C++ Libraries

• Internet sites for C++ users

• Bjarne Stroustrup's page
• Nathan Myers' locale page
• Nicolai Josuttis' Standard Library book

Objective-C Information

• Objective-C Language Description (Apple Computer)

Fortran information

• Fortran standards information:
  • Fortran standards committee (includes references to the current draft of the Fortran standard)
• Fortran historical information:
  • FORTRAN 77 Standard
• Fortran FAQs, books and software
• Testing and Validation - Some packages aimed at Fortran compiler validation.
  • FORTRAN 77 test suite by the NIST Information Technology Laboratory (license) The test suite contains legal and operational Fortran 77 code.
  • IDRIS Low level bench tests of Fortran 95. It tests some Fortran 95 intrinsics.
  • The g77 testsuite (which is part of GCC).
  • Test suite of ftnchek, included in its distribution. It contains some illegal code and therefore makes it possible to stress the compiler error handling.
  • Checking properties of the compiler and the run-time environment by Arjen Markus (source provided).
  • gdbf95 test suite.
  • Tests of run-time checking capabilities
    • Polyhedron tests
    • compilers test sets by H. Knoble & A. Desitter
• Other resources:
  • Michel Olagnon's Fortran 90 List contains a "Tests and Benchmarks" section mentioning commercial test suites.
  • Herman D. Knoble's Fortran Resources contain some sections on compiler validation and benchmarking.
  • Complying with Fortran 90, How does the current crop of Fortran 90 compilers measure up to the standard?, Steven Baker, Dr Dobb's, January 1995. It described the results of several commercial test suites.
• Fortran packages - Some packages containing (mostly) legal Fortan code.
  • Books with source code:
    • Example programs of Introducing Fortran 95 by Ian Chivers and Jane Sleightholme.
    • Examples of Essential Fortran 90 & 95 by Loren Meissner.
    • Source code of Introduction To Fortran 90/95 by Stephen Chapman.
    • Source code of Fortran 90/95 for Scientists and Engineers by Stephen Chapman.
  • Michel Olagnon's source code.
  • Software from Alan J. Miller.
• Historical material - A few links for your enjoyment.
  • Historic Documents in Computer Science by Karl Kleine
  • The writings of Edsger W. Dijkstra (RIP)

Ada information

• Ada Core Technologies
• A Detailed Description of the GNU Ada Run Time
• GNAT sources and binaries

Modula 3 information

• http://www.cmass.com
• http://www.m3.org

Miscellaneous information

• What Every Computer Scientist Should Know about Floating-Point Arithmetic by David Goldberg, including Doug Priest's supplement (PDF format)
• Differences Among IEEE 754 Implementations by Doug Priest (included in the PostScript-format document above)
• IEEE 754r, an ongoing revision to the IEEE 754 floating point standard.
• Massively Scalar Compiler Project
• Information on the Digital UNIX/Compaq Tru64 UNIX object file format

• IBM Journal of Research and Development
• The System V Application Binary Interface, aka the ELF Generic ABI Specification.
• System V PowerPC ABI
• Application Binary Interface for the ARM Architecture (EABI)
• DWARF Workgroup
• Debugging/object info by David B.Anderson (including links to some DWARF tools)

• EG3 maintains a list of compiler Internet resources, including FAQ's, papers, hot list pages, potential software/shareware, all known companies, etc.:
  • http://www.eg3.com/embeddedsoftware/compiler.htm
  • These resource pages are published as part of EG3's Free Electronic Engineers' Toolbox at:
    • http://www.eg3.com/index.htm

• Links related to many compiler topics
• Comp.compilers archive
• Steven Muchnick (1997) "Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation". 880pp. Online appendix includes some compiler links. ISBN: 1-55860-320-4.
• Robert Morgan (1998) "Building an Optimizing Compiler". 300pp. ISBN: 1-55558-179-X.
• The Open Group has quite a bit on POSIX etc.
• Unicode and Unicode Normalization Forms.

Chip Documentation of Obsolete Ports

Below is the list of ports that GCC used to support.

• 1750a
  Exact chip name: MIL-STD-1750A processor
  Manufacturers: various
  Specification
• a29k
  Manufacturer: AMD
• clipper
  Manufacturer: Intergraph
  Exact machine name: CLIPPER
• convex (c1, c2, c3[248])
  Manufacturer: Convex (HP)
• d30v
  Manufacturer: Mitsubishi
  There is no longer any reference to this chip anywhere on the manufacturer's web site; it may be dead.
  GDB includes a simulator.
• dsp16xx
  Manufacturer: AT&T
• elxsi
  Manufacturer: ELXSI
  Exact machine name: ELXSI 6400
• i960
  Manufacturer: Intel
  i960 home page
  GDB includes a simulator.
• m88k
  Manufacturer: Motorola
• mn10200
  Manufacturer: Matsushita
  GDB includes a simulator.
• pj (picoJava)
  Manufacturer: Sun
• romp
  Manufacturer: IBM
  Acronym stands for: Research/Office Products MicroProcessor
  The ROMP was the processor inside the IBM PC/RT.
  PC/RT hardware FAQ

Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to [email protected]. There are also other ways to contact the FSF.

These pages are maintained by the GCC team.

For questions related to the use of GCC, please consult these web pages and the GCC manuals. If that fails, the [email protected] mailing list might help.
Please send comments on these web pages and the development of GCC to our developer mailing list at [email protected] or [email protected]. All of our lists have public archives.

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Last modified 2007-02-19